مهندسی پزشکی

1. Peritoneum-Laser is used for adhesiolysis.
2. Peptic ulcer disease and oesophageal varices - Laser photoablation is done.
3. Coagulation of vascular malformations of stomach, duodenum and colon.
4. Lasers can be effectively used to treat early gastric cancers provided they are less than 4 cm and without lymph node involvement. Lasers are also used in treating oral submucous fibrosis.
5. Palliative laser therapy is given in advanced oesophageal cancers with obstruction of lumen. Recanalisation of the lumen is done which allows the patient to resume soft diet and maintain hydration.
6. Ablative laser therapy is used in advanced colorectal cancers to relieve obstruction and to control bleeding.
7. Laser surgery used in hemorrhoidectomy, and is a relatively popular and non-invasive method of hemorrhoid removal.
8. Laser-assisted liver resections have been done using carbon dioxide and Nd:YAG lasers.
9. Ablation of liver tumors can be achieved by selective photovaporization of the tumor.
10. Endoscopic laser lithotripsy is a safer modality compared to electrohydraulic lithotripsy.

Oral and dental surgery

The CO₂ laser is used in oral and dental surgery for virtually all soft-tissue procedures, such as gingivecomies, vestibuloplasties, frenectomies and operculectomies.^[16][17] The CO₂ 10,600 nm wavelength is safe around implants as it is reflected by titanium, and thus has been gaining popularity in the field of periodontology. The laser may also be effective in treating peri-implantitis.^[18]

Spine surgery

Laser spine surgery first began seeing clinical use in the 1980s and was primarily used within discectomy to treat lumbar disc disease under the notion that heating a bulging disc vaporized enough tissue to relieve pressure on the nerves and help alleviate pain.^[19][20]

Since that time, laser spine surgery has become one of the most marketed forms of minimally invasive spine surgery, despite the fact that it has never been studied in a controlled clinical trial to determine its effectiveness apart from disc decompression.^[21][22] Evidence-based data surrounding the use of lasers in spine surgery is limited and its safety and efficacy were poorly understood as of 2017.^[23][24]

Other surgery

The CO₂ laser is also used in gynecology, genitourinary, general and thoracic surgery, otorhinolaryngology, orthopedic, and neurosurgery.^[25]

Hard tissues

Lasers are used to cut or ablate bones and teeth in dentistry.^[26]